A)Nitration-The Nitration reaction serves to introduce one or more Nitro groups (- No) into a reacting molecule. Nitrating agents are fuming, concentrated and aqueous nitric & mixture of nitric acid with sulfuric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid & chloroform.
B) Amination by reduction - Amination by reduction involves the synthesis of amines by reductive method. Amines may be define replaced by alkyl, aryl ,hydro aryl groups.as derivatives of ammonia where one or more of the hydrogen are Amines are divided into three classes-primary, secondary & tertiary.
C) Halogenation- Halogenation may be defind as the process where by one or more Halogen atoms are introduced into an organic compound.The preparation of an organic compound containing fluorine,chorine, bromine& iodine.
D) Sulfonation & sulfation- Sulfonation may be defind as chemical process by which the sulfonic acid group –so or the corresponding salt or sulfonyl halide group(-so cl) is introduced into an organic compound . Sulfation involves placement of the (-oso oh) group on carbon.
E) Amination by ammonolysis- Amination by ammonolysis is the process of forming amines by the action of ammonia. By extension,the use of primary & secondary amines as aminating agents(ammonolysis) is also included. Aminating agents may be liquid ammonia.
F) Oxidation- in the organic chemical industries ,oxidation constitutes one of the most powerful tools used in the synthesis of chemical compound. The Oxidation processes are many & varied.
G) Hydrogenation- the unit process Hydrogenation specifically refers to the chemical reaction of a substance with molecular hydrogenation in the process of the catalyst. The process includes reactions in which hydrogen simply adds to a molecule.
H) Esterification-An ester in the Esterification is usually defined as a compound formed by substituting an organic radical for an ionizable hydrogen of an acid.
I) Hydrolysis-The term Hydrolysis is applied to reaction of both organic &inorganic Chemistry where in water effects a double decomposition with another compound, hydrogen going to one component, hydroxyl to the other.
J) Alkylation- Alkylation may be defined as the introduction of an alkyl radical by substitution or addition into an organic compound.
